Water of Crystallization Definition

Water of Crystallization Definition Water of crystallization is  defined as water that is stoichiometrically bound into a crystal. Crystal salts containing water of crystallization are called hydrates. Water of crystallization is also known as water of hydration or crystallization water. How Water of Crystallization Forms Many compounds are purified by crystallization from an aqueous solution. The crystal excludes many contaminants, however, water can fit within the crystalline lattice without being chemically bonded to the cation of the compound. Applying heat can drive off this water, but the process typically damages the crystalline structure. This is fine, if the goal is to obtain a pure compound. It may be undesirable when growing crystals for crystallography or other purposes. Water of Crystallization Examples Commercial root killers often contain copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 ·5H2O) cyrstals. The five water molecules are called water of crystallization.Proteins typically contain even more water than inorganic salts. A protein may easily contain 50 percent water. Water of Crystallization Nomenclature The two methods to denote water of crystallization in molecular formulas are: hydrated compound ·nH2O - For example,  CaCl2 ·2H2Ohydrated compound(H2O)n - For example,  Ã‚  ZnCl2(H2O)4 Sometimes the two forms are combined. For example, [Cu(H2O)4]SO4 ·H2O may be used to describe the water of crystallization of copper(II) sulfate. Other Solvents in Crystals Water is a small, polar molecule that is readily incorporated into crystal lattices, but its not the only solvent found in crystals. In fact, most solvents remain, to a greater or lesser extent, in the crystal. A common example is benzene. In order to minimize the effect of a solvent, chemists typically try to remove as much as possible using vacuum extraction and may heat a sample to drive off residual solvent. X-ray crystallography can often detect solvent within a crystal. Sources Baur, W.H. (1964) On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates. III. The determination of the crystal structure of FeSO4(H2O)7 (melanterite) Acta Crystallographica, volume 17, p1167-p1174. doi:10.1107/S0365110X64003000Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Klewe, B.; Pedersen, B. (1974). The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate. Acta Crystallographica B30: 2363–2371. doi:10.1107/S0567740874007138

How To Use Cuando in Spanish

How To Use Cuando in Spanish Cuando or its question form, cundo, is the Spanish word used most often for when. It can be used as an interrogative pronoun, subordinating conjunction, or preposition. Fortunately, its use is usually straightforward for Spanish students because as a pronoun or conjunction it is used in much the same way as the English word. Cundo in Questions In questions, cundo is always used with a verb in the indicative mood, the most common type. As in the final two examples, cundo can also be used in indirect questions.  ¿Cundo pasà ³ el cometa Halley por à ºltima vez? (When did Halleys comet last pass by?) ¿Cundo es Semana Santa en Espaà ±a este aà ±o? (When is Holy Week in Spain this year?) ¿Hasta cundo dura la ola de frà ­o? (How long will the cold wave last? Literally: Until when will the cold wave last?) ¿Cundo ganarà © la loterà ­a? (When will I win the lottery?)Quieren saber cundo voy a dar a luz. (They want  to know when Im going to give birth.)No entiendo cundo se usan las palabras por y para. (I dont understand when the words por and para are used.)No sabemos cundo aprendià ³ a atarse los zapatos. (We dont know when she learned to tie her shoes.) Note how cundo is spelled with an orthographic accent. The accent doesnt affect its pronunciation. Cuando as a Subordinator When cuando is used used to introduce a clause (a series of words that could be a sentence but form a longer phrase starting with cuando), either the indicative or subjunctive mood can be used in that clause. The choice of moods depends on whether the action of the verb has been completed. As a subordinating conjunction, cuando - usually translated as when or whenever - typically is followed by a verb in the indicative mood when that verb refers to something that has already occurred or is occurring in the present. The present includes referring to an event that has occurred and could continue to occur. Boldface verbs in these samples indicate the subordinate verb in the indicative mood: Recuerdo cuando llegaron mis padres. (I remember when my parents came.)La à ºltima vez fue cuando dos miembros del equipo fueron detenidos. (The last time was when two members of the team were arrested.)Ana cometià ³ dos errores cuando comprà ³ la bicicleta.  (Ana made two mistakes when she bought the bicycle.)No hay nada que hacer cuando la và ­ctima ya est muerta. (There is nothing to do when the victim is already dead.)Nadie me paga cuando estoy enfermo. (Nobody pays me when Im sick.)Come cuando tengas hambre, no sà ³lo cuando el reloj dice que es hora de comer. (Eat when you are hungry, not just when the clock says its time to eat.)Cuando vamos a la ciudad siempre es porque hay mil cosas que hacer allà ­. (When we go to the city it is always because there are a thousand  things to do there.) In contrast, the present-tense subjunctive mood typically follows cuando when verb referring to an action or state of being that has yet to occur. Note how use of the subjunctive isnt accompanied by a corresponding verb change in the English translation.  Boldfaced verbs here are in the subjunctive: Llegaremos cuando debamos y no antes. (We will arrive when we should and not before.)Mà ­rame a los ojos cuando hables.  (Look in my eyes when you speak.)Despià ©rtame cuando lleguen tus amigos. (Wake me up when your friends arrive.)Vamos a hacerlo cuando seamos capaces. (We are going to do it when we are capable.) ¿Quà © voy a hacer cuando està © viejo? (What am I going to do when I am old?)Cuando vayamos a la ciudad sea porque habrn mil cosas que hacer allà ­. (When we go to the city, it will be because there will be a thousand things to do there.) Cuando as a Preposition Although not particularly common, cuando also can be a preposition. In these instances, cuando means at the time of, although you may have to improvise with the translation rather than translating word for word. Voy a estar triste cuando insolvencia. (Ill be sad when an insolvency occurs.)No he pensado cà ³mo serà © cuando adulto. (I have not thought of how Ill be as an adult.)Apaga la llama cuando hervir. (Turn off the flame when boiling occurs.) Key Takeaways When cundo is used in a question to mean when, a written accent is used with the .Cuando (without a written accent) is frequently used to introduced a clause that can be in either the indicative or subjunctive mood.Unlike the English when, cuando is sometimes used as a preposition and cannot be translated directly.

Educational leaders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Educational leaders - Assignment Example †¢ Creation of an extensive environment of collaboration within schools.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Creation of an extensive environment of collaboration within schools.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Most importantly, in schools, the formation of action groups facilitates in resolving the problems faced by children. The collective brainstorming sessions help to come to a consensus which is accepted by everyone concerned.It means to me that leadership initiatives are important factors that help inculcate a strong sense of responsible behavior and rational approach. I should always try to rationalize the contentious issue and apply critical thinking to come to the right decision. Knowledge becomes the single most important tool that empowers individuals and encourages one to understand the problem and resolve the issue through mutually. Moreover, I understood the importance of collaborative environment where teachers, administrators, and students together make collective decisions for the welfare of the students as well as for the school. Most importantly, shared goals should also promote collective decision making. Hence the formation of problem-solving work group greatly facilitates consensus that resolves the issue amicably.I intend to apply the knowledge gained to my life in general. Effective decision making is a responsible and hugely crucial aspect of personal and professional growth. As a student also, efficient and effective decision making based on informed choice greatly improves and improvises the productive outcome of all our learning processes involving projects, class work, and examination etc.

Feminism - A Personal Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Feminism - A Personal Perspective - Essay Example Women often cannot and many a time are not allowed to transcend this idea that brings in its wake a burden of expectations and constraints. There exist definite and stereotypical ideas about what womanhood means and feminism is the field of study that intends to shatter such obnoxious and repressive ideas. Though women’s study intends to place women at the center of all intellectual inquiries, the thing to be kept in mind is that the fact that feminism defies all stereotypical notions transcends all gender specifications. The fact that feminism intends to liberate women from the shackles of all preconceived notions also assumes the relevance of same rights and prerogatives for men. Feminism intends to revolt against all forms of repression of women and the rights it intends to seek are or should be universal, transcending all gender specifications. Feminists should remember that this ideal is not a philosophical pie in the sky but is, in fact, imperative for the relevance and sustenance of all forms of feminist struggles. â€Å"The true form of revolutionary change is never merely the repressive situations that we seek to escape, but the piece of the oppressor that is planted deep within each of us.† It is imperative for the adherents of feminism to not to fall into the male trap of hating men. The very fact of doing so not only justifies and establishes the stereotypical notions of masculinity in our society but at the same time authenticates the stereotypical notions about women.

Self-Evaluation Essay Essay Example for Free

Self-Evaluation Essay Essay The difficulty with most timed writings is that most people feel they dont have the time to get their thoughts in order. In a short period of time one has to develop an outline, and a thesis, or main idea before the writing begins. If the essay is to be productive, one needs to have some idea where one is heading with the essay. Although it may only take a few minutes to organize your thoughts, you still have to remember the clock is ticking. Timed writings are going to continue to be a part of my academic reality, so learning to deal with them comfortably is important. This self-evaluation portfolio introduces my timed essays and different writing styles. In PE1 there were several questions that needed to be addressed, but overall the essay evaluated why dishonesty and fraud are serious problems within the scientific and medical communities? In PE2 I had to evaluate a statement in regards to scientific discovery. There are several reasons why both essays needed self-evaluation, and one reason was to look at my areas of strength. My area of strength in PE1 is having an understanding of the topic presented. For example, in the introductory paragraph I provide a definition of scientific research, and its benefits and what will happen if scientific fraud continues. I feel this introduction is strong, because it provides the reader with all the information he or she will need to get a basic understanding of the topic without becoming lost. In addition, throughout the essay I provided thoughtful responses to each question, thus showing the reader that I have some basic knowledge of the topic, and that I’m not trying to wing my way through the essay. For example, in paragraph four when I quote the readings, I then provided support with several follow up statements. In PE2 like the pervious essay mentioned, my area of strength is a solid understanding of the topic. Unlike PE1, the writing process for PE2 differed, I was not provided with any resource material regarding scientific discovery, therefore each top ic I presented in my paper had to be based on more than common knowledge. For example, one question of the two-part essay was to evaluate â€Å"what I know about past and present pursuit of scientific discovery.† Paragraph three and four provide perfect examples. Experimental therapies and Stem cell research are not common knowledge and these issues provide excellent examples of my solid  understanding of the topic, thus making the essay strong. In conclusion, timed writings are a continuous part of academic reality. The difficulty with most timed writings is time management. In a short period of time one has to develop a well-written essay. Although it may only take a few minutes to organize your thoughts, you will still have to remember the clock is ticking. The significance of doing a self-evaluation essay is to make myself aware of certain content a timed essay may require to be considered well written. Although, this self-evaluation portfolio only introduced my different writing styles and areas of strength, having that awareness will help me to improve my writing skills.

Car And Bicycle Brakes :: essays research papers

Caliper Brakes Effectiveness: good mechanical advantage as it allows the operator to brake with little effort on the hydraulic lever, which needs to be squeezed. Material: Calipers are fixed mount, opposed piston calipers cast from aluminium alloy. Calipers are the hydraulic clamp portion of the disc braking system. Manufactured from either ferrous or non-ferrous materials and bolted firmly to the suspension upright(or knuckle) the caliper holds the pads in place and, through the action hydraulic pistons actuated by the master cylinder, force them against the rotating surface of the disc when pressure is applied to the brake pedal. Friction Material: non asbestos brake pads Car differences: size is one major difference in car and bike systems. The systems can be totally different but still use hydraulic mechanisms. Cantilever Brakes Effectiveness: provide good power and modulation. They are very effective in stopping the bike because they provide a large stopping force, but the rider’s heel will hit the brake and may irritate the rider and cause the brakes to ruin. Material: includes 2 brake shoes and a brake pad Friction Material: non asbestos brake pads. Car differences: size and shape. Also consists of lighter materials. V Brakes Effectiveness: basically the same as above. Material: Friction Material: Car differences: Drum Brakes Effectiveness: Very good brakins system as they wear very slowly and are not afftected by weather. Also used with Disc Brakes. Being on the rear. Material: A bike drum brake is hand operated which is attached to the hub of the wheel, the shoes press on the inside of the drum. Friction Material: Non asbestos fibre. Car differences: In bikes they are hand operated and in cars they are foot. Drum brakes are completely different to hydraulic brakes. Hydraulic disc Brakes Effectiveness: Hydraulic brakes have a great mechanical advantage therefore are a very good design of braking system.

Ozymandias and Death the Leveller Essay

â€Å"Death is a leveller†, this statement implies that death makes everyone equal or ‘level’. In the poems, â€Å"Ozymandias† by Percy Bysshe Shelley and â€Å"Death the Leveller† by James Shirley, they each portray this in similar ways. Each refer to this statement by using the notion of a powerful figure, who would seem to be ‘invincible’, forgotten through time, hence forth, making them equal to people who would have achieved very little within their lifetime. In â€Å"Ozymandias†, Percy Bysshe Shelley relates a description of a mysterious land laid to waste. The speaker recalls having met a traveller â€Å"from an antique land,† who told him a story about the ruins of a statue in the desert of his native country. At the very beginning of the poem, Shelley creates a remote landscape, unknown by many therefore distancing the narration. The title â€Å"Ozymandias† refers to the great Egyptian King Rameses II. This unfamiliar name gives the impression to the reader that it will about someone anonymous though during his life, he would have been very influential on the world around him. â€Å"Half sunk, a shattered visage lies† denotes the face of the statue damaged and worn throughout time, metaphorically, like his power lost though time. Shelley then describes the face of the statue more, † whose frown and wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command† implies that throughout this rein over Egypt, he was a forceful and merciless ruler and wanted to be known for that and sculptor himself, also makes show it is understood. â€Å"Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things† explains to the reader that even though part of the statue has survived the abuse from nature, it still means nothing as it stands in a desolate landscape undiscovered by many. This links back to his reputation’s destruction over time. However, Shelley adds â€Å"The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed† implying that even though he may have shunned those less powerful than him, in his heart, he did want them to survive in this ruling. â€Å"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:  Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!†Ã‚  In this quotation, Shelley emphasises greatly the irony of this message scribed into his statue. Within Ozymandias’ time, this statue would have represented the fear he caused to his people and the power he possessed over them. Yet now, it lies crumbled and forgotten in the middle of a desert inhabited by no one with his city in ruins around him. Shelley expresses how even the mighty have no power of death and how they are forgotten. The following line says â€Å"Nothing besides remains†, as if Shelley mocks his once mighty power with a simple yet painfully truthful statement, showing that it is inevitable that nothing will make him remembered again. â€Å"Round the decay of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare  The lone and level sands stretch far away.†Ã‚  Shelley mentions the sand as level and stretching far away. Sand is related to hourglasses, used to measure time. He also says the sand is ‘level’ meaning that you could far around you and see nothing but the isolated environment around you. This links in with time making everything equal and making eventually forgotten, and how each piece of sand is indefinable from the other. Alliteration is used to create an effective rhythm within the last lines of the stanza. It creates a feeling of total certainty that this is how this statue, like Ozymandias’ reputation, will stand until it is worn away to become another grain of sand. This poem was written in the age when Napoleon Bonaparte was at his height of power, but Shelley believed this would eventually been his fate. ‘Death the Leveller’ was written by James Shirley the time when King Charles was reined over England. In that time period, many people did not wish to have a king; therefore, King Charles was eventually beheaded. The purpose of the poem was a warning to the King, showing that he had no escape from death, even with his courage a huge army. Shirley begins â€Å"The glories of our blood and state are shadows, not substantial things† denotes that how no matter how important your blood is or how powerful you are in life, death will make you as meaningful as a shadow, forgotten and neglected. Shirley then states how there is â€Å"no armour against fate† meaning that death is something you cannot escape, regardless of who you are within life. Shirley also makes death human like by saying it lays its â€Å"icy hand on kings†

Geo Sba Cxc

Candidate Name: Nathaniel J. Adiah Candidate Number: Subject: Geography School: Presentation College Chaguanas Year of Exam: Teacher’s Name: Aim: To identify, describe and account for the features of erosion and deposition along Las Cuevas Bay. Candidate Name: Candidate Number: Subject: Geography School: Year of Exam: Teacher’s Name: Aim: To identify, describe and account for the features of erosion and deposition along Las Cuevas Bay. Contents Aim:4 Methodology5Introduction:6 Description of the Bay7 Presentation of findings – Analysis and Discussion8 Caves9 Arches10 Stumps11 Cliffs12 Blowholes13 Geos14 Headlands15 Coves16 Notches17 The Beach18 Conclusion20 Limitations21 Bibliography22 Aim: To identify, describe and account for the features of erosion and deposition along Las Cuevas Bay. Methodology Where? : Las Cuevas Bay When? : Monday 11th June, 2012. From 9:00 am – 1:30 pm How? : The class was split into six groups and each group studied a specific sit e along the beach.Each group carried out a number of tests: wave height, using a metre stick; wave frequency, using a stopwatch; width of the beach, using a measuring tape. Introduction: Las Cuevas Bay is a 2. 2 kilometer raised beach named after the caves that lie on the southwestern end of the beach. Las Cuevas Bay is located approximately 7 kilometers east of Maracas Bay along the North Coast Road. This beach is extremely popular for both bathing and camping. The beach was chosen because of the fact that it has a lot of observable features. Description of the Bay Las Cuevas Bay is approximately 2. kilometers long and its width is 74 feet. It is a bay head beach with a horse shoe shape. At the time of the study rain was falling and there was a gentle breeze. It was during high tide. The beach gradient was gentle and uniform. The waves were constructive (8 waves per minute). Presentation of findings – Analysis and Discussion Bar graph 1: showing the number of each feature se en on the beach The bar graph above shows that the most prevalent feature on the beach was the cliffs. Most of the features observed were seen at the eastern end of the beach. CavesA cave is a natural underground hollow in the rock, usually large enough for a human being to enter. The solution of carbonate rocks such as limestone takes place mostly below the water table in the zone of saturation or the phreatic zone. The water table sinks as the rocks are dissolved and caves are formed. Arches Stumps Cliffs Sea cliffs are formed when waves strike vigorously against a steep coast. Blowholes Geos Headlands Coves Notches The Beach The beach is the only depositional feature. Line graph 1: wave frequency at different points along the beachErosional Features| Depositional Features| Caves| Beach| Cliffs| | Geos| | Headlands| | Coves| | Blowhole| | Notches| | Stumps| | Arches| | Conclusion A number of features were observed although the beach is now raised so present processes have no great effect on any features except the beach. Las Cuevas Beach is a stable beach system with several erosional features and only one depositional feature, which is the beach itself. Limitations Some limitations on this study are: 1) The weather 2) Timeframe 3) Tide Bibliography

Washington Irving essays

Washington Irving essays Washington Irving is one of the most memorable writers in history for his many works. To learn more about Washington Irving these are three most important points of this author, historical background, work, and his last years as a famous writer. To begin is the historical background of Washington Irving life which begins on April 3,1783 at the end of the Revolutionary War which was the day he was born. ("Resources for Educators" 1) He was born to a big family that included his father, a wealthy merchant, and also his mother who was an English woman who was as well the granddaughter of a clergyman. Irving was the youngest of 11 children, yet it is not stated how many brothers or sisters he had. When Washington Irving was born the hero of the United States George Washington saw Irving and gave his blessing to him and his family. Washington Irving was born and raised in New York City. When Irving went to school he was one of the most influential of all students, so he enrolled himself in law school instead of following his elder brothers to the nearby Columbia College. He later had met his fianc Matilda Hoffman, yet sadly he never had the chance to marry her because she passed away in 1809 with tuberculoses at the age of seve nteen. (American Authors 1) At the age of nineteen Irving began his writing for a newspaper The Morning Chronicle that started his career in writing. When Irving returned from his tour of France and Italy, he followed his brother William Irving and J. K. Paulding in publishing Salmagundi. ("Irving Washington" 141) The critics said that the book was a whimsical essay, which mirrored the rise and fall of New York. It was his opinion on social life, books, theatres, and politics. ("Washington Irving-Biography" 1) When Irving started writing his books he started using pen names to make it seem like the person in the story was the one that wrote the book. One name that he used was Diedrich Knickerboc ...

Expansionary Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand

Expansionary Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand To understand the impact of expansionary monetary policy on aggregate demand, lets take a look at a simple example. Aggregate Demand and Two Different Countries The example starts as follows: In Country A, all wage contracts are indexed to inflation. That is, each month wages are adjusted to reflect increases in the cost of living as reflected in changes in the price level. In Country B, there are no cost-of-living adjustments to wages, but the workforce is completely unionized (unions negotiate 3-year contracts). Adding Monetary Policy to our Aggregate Demand Problem In which country is an expansionary monetary policy likely to have a larger effect on aggregate output? Explain your answer using aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves. The Effect of the Expansionary Monetary Policy on Aggregate Demand When interest rates are cut (which is our expansionary monetary policy), aggregate demand (AD) shifts up due to the rise in investment and consumption. The shift up of AD causes us to move along the aggregate supply (AS) curve, causing a rise in both real GDP and the price level. We need to determine the effects of this rise in AD, the price level, and real GDP (output) in each of our two countries. What Happens to Aggregate Supply in Country A? Recall that in Country A all wage contracts are indexed to inflation. That is, each month wages are adjusted to reflect increases in the cost of living as reflected in changes in the price level. We know that the rise in Aggregate Demand rose the price level. Thus due to the wage indexing, wages must rise as well. A rise in wages will shift the aggregate supply curve upwards, moving along the aggregate demand curve. This will cause prices to increase further, but real GDP (output) to fall. What Happens to Aggregate Supply in Country B? Recall that in Country B there are no cost-of-living adjustments to wages, but the workforce is completely unionized.Unions negotiate 3-year contracts. Assuming the contract is not up soon, then wages will not adjust when the price level rises from the rise in aggregate demand. Thus we will not have a shift in the aggregate supply curve and prices and real GDP (output) will not be affected. The Conclusion In Country B we will see a larger rise in real output, because the rise in wages in country A will cause an upward shift in aggregate supply, causing the country to lose some of the gains it made from the expansionary monetary policy. There is no such loss in Country B.

Compare the yoga system prescribed in the Yoga Sutra to that Essay

Compare the yoga system prescribed in the Yoga Sutra to that prescribed in the Yogavasistha - Essay Example On the other hand, Yoga Vasistha allows an individual to dismiss delusions tied to life that it is just an ordinary event, even in the supreme state. This form of Yoga also indicates that falling of the body cannot lead to failure of the Self (Venkatesananda, 88). Vasistha is quoted to welcome all vagrants that have not found the right path by allowing them to come to terms with the truth through Yoga. Unlike in Yoga Sutra that mostly focuses on identifying the truth, Yoga Vasistha lets the minds inquire about the Self through a person’s consciousness. In this sense, the individual disbands concepts in his/her own perception. However, the individual undergoes a process of spiritual search in both forms of Yoga, in order to come to a certain state of consciousness. The sole aim of both forms of Yoga is to reach a balanced state of mind that would allow an individual to discern the meaning of various